SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    23161, 23135, 23140, 23095, 23110, 23122, 
    23128, 23162, 23149, 23156, 23117, 
    23116, 23157, 23113
  ) 
  AND category_id != 1

Query time 0.00006

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "rows": 47,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (23161,23135,23140,23095,23110,23122,23128,23162,23149,23156,23117,23116,23157,23113)",
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id <> 1"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}