SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    22776, 22778, 22774, 22768, 22777, 22767, 
    22779, 22769, 22770, 22772, 22771, 
    22773, 22775, 22780
  ) 
  AND category_id != 1

Query time 0.00005

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "rows": 14,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (22776,22778,22774,22768,22777,22767,22779,22769,22770,22772,22771,22773,22775,22780)",
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id <> 1"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}